contxt
Museo del Prado, Madrid

The Garden of Earthly Delights

Hieronymus Bosch, c. 1490–1510

National Gallery, London

The Ambassadors

Hans Holbein the Younger, 1533

Gemäldegalerie, Berlin

Netherlandish Proverbs

Pieter Bruegel the Elder, 1559

Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican Museums

The School of Athens

Raphael, 1509–1511

Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

The Night Watch

Rembrandt van Rijn, 1642

Saint Bavo's Cathedral, Ghent

Ghent Altarpiece (Adoration of the Mystic Lamb)

Hubert and Jan van Eyck, 1432

Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

Children's Games

Pieter Bruegel the Elder, 1560

Palace Museum, Beijing

Along the River During the Qingming Festival

Zhang Zeduan, c. 1100–1125

Sistine Chapel, Vatican Museums

The Last Judgment

Michelangelo, 1536–1541

Art Institute of Chicago

A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte

Georges Seurat, 1884–1886

Uffizi, Florence

Primavera

Sandro Botticelli, late 1470s–early 1480s

The Met Cloisters, New York

Mérode Altarpiece (Annunciation Triptych)

Workshop of Robert Campin, c. 1427–1432

National Gallery, London

The Arnolfini Portrait

Jan van Eyck, 1434

Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

The Hunters in the Snow

Pieter Bruegel the Elder, 1565

Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

The Art of Painting

Johannes Vermeer, c. 1666–1668

Museo del Prado, Madrid

Las Meninas

Diego Velázquez, 1656

Refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

The Last Supper

Leonardo da Vinci, 1495–1498

Museo del Prado, Madrid

The Haywain Triptych

Hieronymus Bosch, c. 1510–1516

Palazzo Pubblico (Sala dei Nove), Siena

The Allegory of Good and Bad Government

Ambrogio Lorenzetti, 1338–1339

Musée du Louvre, Paris

The Coronation of Napoleon

Jacques-Louis David, 1805–1807

National Gallery, London

Marriage A-la-Mode: 1. The Marriage Settlement

William Hogarth, 1743–1745

Musée du Louvre, Paris

The Wedding at Cana

Paolo Veronese, 1562–1563

Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings

Bichitr, c. 1615–1618

Musée du Louvre, Paris

Madonna of Chancellor Rolin

Jan van Eyck, c. 1435

Musée du Louvre, Paris

Liberty Leading the People

Eugène Delacroix, 1830

Mauritshuis, The Hague

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

Rembrandt van Rijn, 1632

Tate Britain, London

Ophelia

John Everett Millais, 1851–1852

Palace Museum, Beijing

The Night Revels of Han Xizai

Gu Hongzhong (surviving version a 12th-century copy), 10th century, copy 12th century

National Gallery, London

Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time

Agnolo Bronzino, c. 1545

Museo del Prado, Madrid

The Third of May 1808

Francisco Goya, 1814

Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence

The Birth of Venus

Sandro Botticelli, c. 1485

Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence

Portinari Altarpiece

Hugo van der Goes, c. 1475

Museo del Prado, Madrid

The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things

Hieronymus Bosch (or workshop), c. 1500–1525

Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven

Declaration of Independence

John Trumbull, 1786–1820

Musée du Louvre, Paris

The Raft of the Medusa

Théodore Géricault, 1818–1819

Museo del Prado, Madrid

The Descent from the Cross

Rogier van der Weyden, c. 1435

Museo del Prado, Madrid

Las Hilanderas

Diego Velázquez, c. 1655–1658

The Courtauld Gallery, London

A Bar at the Folies-Bergère

Édouard Manet, 1882

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Night Attack on the Sanjō Palace (Heiji Monogatari Emaki)

Unknown, Kamakura period, c. 1250–1275

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Washington Crossing the Delaware

Emanuel Leutze, 1851

J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles

Christ's Entry Into Brussels in 1889

James Ensor, 1888

Pinacoteca Vaticana, Vatican Museums

The Transfiguration

Raphael, 1516–1520

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

The Death of Socrates

Jacques-Louis David, 1787

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?

Paul Gauguin, 1897–1898

Musée d'Orsay, Paris

The Painter's Studio

Gustave Courbet, 1854–1855

Art Institute of Chicago

At the Moulin Rouge

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, 1892–1895

Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

Beware of Luxury (In Weelde Siet Toe)

Jan Steen, 1663

Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

The Milkmaid

Johannes Vermeer, c. 1658–1661

Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence

Judith Slaying Holofernes

Artemisia Gentileschi, c. 1620

Church of Santo Tomé, Toledo

The Burial of the Count of Orgaz

El Greco, 1586–1588

Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

The Feast of Saint Nicholas

Jan Steen, c. 1665–1668

Aga Khan Museum, Toronto

The Court of Gayumars, from the Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp

Sultan Muhammad, c. 1524–1525

British Museum, London

Admonitions Scroll

Attributed to Gu Kaizhi, 5th–8th century, after a 4th-century original

Kōzan-ji, Kyoto

Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga (Scrolls of Frolicking Animals and Humans)

Traditionally attributed to Toba Sōjō, 12th–13th century

National Gallery, London

An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump

Joseph Wright of Derby, 1768

Musée d'Orsay, Paris

Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe

Édouard Manet, 1863

Alte Pinakothek, Munich

The Battle of Alexander at Issus

Albrecht Altdorfer, 1529

Skokloster Castle, Sweden

Vertumnus (Rudolf II as Vertumnus)

Giuseppe Arcimboldo, 1591

National Gallery, London

Belshazzar's Feast

Rembrandt van Rijn, c. 1635–1638

Musée du Louvre, Paris

The Money Changer and His Wife

Quentin Matsys, 1514

Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Siena

Maestà

Duccio di Buoninsegna, 1308–1311

National Gallery, London

The Supper at Emmaus

Caravaggio, 1601

Art Institute of Chicago

The Bedroom (Bedroom in Arles)

Vincent van Gogh, 1889

Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe, Mexico City

Our Lady of Guadalupe (the tilma image)

Anonymous, 16th century

Musée du Louvre, Paris

The Apotheosis of Homer

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, 1827

State Russian Museum, Saint Petersburg

Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks

Ilya Repin, 1880–1891

Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

Winter Landscape with Skaters

Hendrick Avercamp, c. 1608

Museo del Prado, Madrid

Charles IV of Spain and His Family

Francisco Goya, 1800–1801

Cathedral of Our Lady, Antwerp

The Descent from the Cross

Peter Paul Rubens, 1612–1614

Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence

Adoration of the Magi

Gentile da Fabriano, 1423

Brancacci Chapel, Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence

The Tribute Money

Masaccio, c. 1425

Galleria Borghese, Rome

Sacred and Profane Love

Titian, c. 1514

Tate Britain, London

The Awakening Conscience

William Holman Hunt, 1853

Palace of Versailles

Marie Antoinette and Her Children

Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun, 1787

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

A Goldsmith in His Shop

Petrus Christus, 1449

National Museum in Gdańsk

The Last Judgment

Hans Memling, c. 1467–1471

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

View from Mount Holyoke — The Oxbow

Thomas Cole, 1836

National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

Watson and the Shark

John Singleton Copley, 1778

Museum of the Imperial Collections, Tokyo

Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba (Illustrated Account of the Mongol Invasions)

Anonymous, commissioned by Takezaki Suenaga, c. 1293

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

The Abduction of the Sabine Women

Nicolas Poussin, probably 1633–1634

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

The Fortune-Teller

Georges de La Tour, probably 1630s

National Gallery, London

Still Life: An Allegory of the Vanities of Human Life

Harmen Steenwijck, c. 1640

Mauritshuis, The Hague

Still Life with Cheeses, Almonds and Pretzels

Clara Peeters, c. 1615

Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

Still Life with Flowers on a Marble Slab

Rachel Ruysch, 1716

National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

Self-portrait

Judith Leyster, c. 1630

Mauritshuis, The Hague

The Proposition

Judith Leyster, 1631

National Museum in Poznań

The Game of Chess

Sofonisba Anguissola, 1555

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

The Horse Fair

Rosa Bonheur, 1852–1855

Art Institute of Chicago

The Child's Bath

Mary Cassatt, 1893

Musée du Louvre, Paris

Portrait of Madeleine

Marie-Guillemine Benoist, 1800

Jaganmohan Palace, Mysore

Galaxy of Musicians

Raja Ravi Varma, 1889

Pera Museum, Istanbul

The Tortoise Trainer

Osman Hamdi Bey, 1906

Museo Nacional del Virreinato, Tepotzotlán

Casta painting (complete set of sixteen castas)

Anonymous, New Spain, 18th century

Museo de Arte de Lima

Virgin of Carmel Saving Souls in Purgatory

Anonymous, Cusco School, late 17th century

Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, Sergiyev Posad

The Trinity

Andrei Rublev, c. 1411 or 1425–1427

National Gallery, London

The Wilton Diptych

Unknown (French or English court painter), c. 1395–1399

Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence

Annunciation with Saint Margaret and Saint Ansanus

Simone Martini and Lippo Memmi, 1333

National Museum, Warsaw

Battle of Grunwald

Jan Matejko, 1878

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Manuel Osorio Manrique de Zúñiga ("The Red Boy")

Francisco de Goya, 1787–1788

National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian, Washington, D.C.

George Washington (Lansdowne portrait)

Gilbert Stuart, 1796

Gallerie degli Uffizi, Florence

Adoration of the Magi

Gentile da Fabriano, 1423

British Museum, London

Icon with the Triumph of Orthodoxy

Unknown, painted in Constantinople, about 1400

The Metropolitan Museum of Art

The Crucifixion; The Last Judgment

Jan van Eyck, ca. 1436–38

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Saint Luke Drawing the Virgin

Rogier van der Weyden, about 1435–40

National Gallery of Art, Washington

The Nativity

Petrus Christus, c. 1450

Musée du Louvre, Paris

Mona Lisa (Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo)

Leonardo da Vinci, 1503–1519

Gallerie degli Uffizi, Florence

Adoration of the Magi

Filippino Lippi, 1496

The National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo

Portrait of Antonietta Gonzales

Lavinia Fontana, 1595?

Gallerie degli Uffizi, Florence

Portrait of Eleonora di Toledo with her son Giovanni

Agnolo Bronzino, c. 1545

The National Gallery, London

The Toilet of Venus ('The Rokeby Venus')

Diego Velázquez, 1647-51

Detroit Institute of Arts

The Jewish Cemetery

Jacob Isaaksz van Ruisdael, 1654 or 1655

Musée du Louvre, Paris

The Judgement of Solomon

Nicolas Poussin, 1649

Vancouver Art Gallery

The Dream of Belinda

Henry Fuseli, c. 1780–1790

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On)

Joseph Mallord William Turner, 1840

State Russian Museum, St Petersburg

Taking a Snow Town

Vasily Surikov, 1891

The Museum of Modern Art, New York

The Starry Night

Vincent van Gogh, 1889

Royal Castle in Warsaw – Museum

The Constitution of 3 May 1791

Jan Matejko, 1891

Tate Britain, London

The Doctor

Sir Luke Fildes, exhibited 1891

State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow

All in the Past

Vasily Maximov, 1889

National Gallery of Art, Washington

Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl

James McNeill Whistler, 1861–1863, 1872

Art Institute of Chicago

American Gothic

Grant Wood, 1930

Museu Nacional de Belas Artes, Rio de Janeiro

Batalha do Avaí

Pedro Américo, 1872–1877

Museu Histórico Nacional, Rio de Janeiro

Sessão do Conselho de Estado

Georgina de Albuquerque, 1922

Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

The Madonna in the Church

Jan van Eyck, 1437/40

Brooklyn Museum

A Storm in the Rocky Mountains, Mt. Rosalie

Albert Bierstadt, 1866

The Cleveland Museum of Art

Bahram Gur Slays a Dragon (verso), from a Shahnama (Book of Kings) of Firdausi (940–1019 or 1025), known as the Great Mongol Shahnama

Unknown (Iran, Tabriz, Ilkhanid period), 1330–35

The Cleveland Museum of Art

Royal Reception in a Landscape, left folio from the double frontispiece of a Shahnama (Book of Kings) of Firdausi (Persian, about 940–1019 or 1025)

Unknown, 1444

The Cleveland Museum of Art

Tiered Court Scene

Chitarman II, c. 1735

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Hamid Bhakari Punished by Akbar, Folio from a Manuscript of the Akbarnama. Folio from the Davis Album

Painting attributed to Manohar; text by Abu'l Fazl, ca. 1604

The Cleveland Museum of Art

Mughal ruler Humayun defeating the Afghans before reconquering India, folio from an Akbar-nama (Book of Akbar) of Abu’l Fazl (Indian, 1551–1602)

Unknown; Mughal India, court of Akbar (reigned 1556–1605), c. 1590

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

The Court of Ravana, Folio from a Ramayana

Unknown, ca. 1605

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Amusements at Higashiyama in Kyoto

Studio of Kano Sadanobu, early 1620s

private collection

A Balloon in Mid-Air

Jules Tavernier, 1875

National Gallery

A Blonde Woman

Palma Vecchio, 1520

The Cleveland Museum of Art

A Prunus in the Moonlight

Wang Mian (Chinese, 1287–1359), 1300s

Tretyakov Gallery

A Quiet Monastery

Isaac Levitan, 1890

Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando

A Village Bullfight

Francisco Goya, 1815

Metropolitan Museum of Art

Aristotle with a Bust of Homer

Rembrandt, 1653

The Cleveland Museum of Art

Arrival of the "Southern Barbarians"

Unknown, c. 1600

The Cleveland Museum of Art

Arrival of the "Southern Barbarians"

Unknown, c. 1600

Museu Nacional de Belas Artes

Batalha dos Guararapes

Victor Meirelles, 1877

The Cleveland Museum of Art

Birds Gather under the Spring Willow

Yin Hong (Chinese, c. 1430-c. 1500), late 1400s–early 1500

Musée d'Orsay

Boating Party

Gustave Caillebotte, 1878

The Cleveland Museum of Art

Books and Scholars’ Accoutrements

Yi Taek-gyun (Korean, 1808–after 1883), late 1800s

Royal Museums Greenwich

Captain Lord George Graham in his Cabin

William Hogarth, 1745

San Lazzaro degli Armeni

Chaos. The Creation of the World

Ivan Aivazovsky, 1841

Tretyakov Gallery

Farewell of Hector and Andromache

Anton Losenko, 1773

Yale University Art Gallery

General George Washington at Trenton

John Trumbull, 1792

Mauritshuis

Girl with a Pearl Earring

Johannes Vermeer, 1665

Tretyakov Gallery

Golden Autumn

Isaac Levitan, 1895

The Cleveland Museum of Art

Green Tara

Aniko (Nepalese, active in Tibet mid- to late 1200s), c. 1260s, mounted 2020

Munich Central Collecting Point

Lady with an Ermine

Leonardo da Vinci, 1490

Hamburger Kunsthalle

Laying out the March Dead

Adolph von Menzel, 1848

Museum Folkwang

Lise with a Parasol

Pierre-Auguste Renoir, 1867

Condé Museum

Madonna of Loreto

Raphael, 1509

Museo Poldi Pezzoli

Madonna of the Book

Sandro Botticelli, 1480

Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum

Madonna of the Dry Tree

Petrus Christus, 1462

National Gallery

Men of the Docks

George Bellows, 1912

Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon

Monomaniac of Envy

Théodore Géricault, 1819

Tretyakov Gallery

Moscow Courtyard

Vasily Polenov, 1878

The Cleveland Museum of Art

Mt. Qingbian

Dong Qichang (Chinese, 1555–1636), 1617

The Cleveland Museum of Art

Mural Fragment with Elite Male and Maguey Cactus Leaves

Unknown, 500–550

Tretyakov Gallery

Newspaper Readers in Naples

Orest Kiprensky, 1831

Tretyakov Gallery

Nikita Pustosvyat. Debate about faith

Vasily Perov, 1881

The Cleveland Museum of Art

Operating on Guan Yu's Arm

Katsushika Ōi (Japanese, c. 1800-after 1857), 1840s

Department of Paintings of the Louvre

Pastoral Concert

Titian, 1510

Walters Art Museum

Portrait of Massimiliano II Stampa

Sofonisba Anguissola, 1557

The Cleveland Museum of Art

Ravana addresses Sita in the garden of Lanka, from Chapters 53 and 54 of the Aranya Kanda (Book of the Forest) of a Ramayana (Rama’s Journey)

Unknown, c. 1725

Tretyakov Gallery

Repair Work on the Railway

Konstantin Savitsky, 1874

cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption

Retable of the Virgin of Montserrat

Bartolomé Bermejo, 1470

Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art

Self-Portrait as a Lute Player

Artemisia Gentileschi, 1616

Allen Memorial Art Museum

Self-Portrait as a Soldier

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, 1915

Museo del Prado

Self-Portrait at 69 years

Francisco Goya, 1815

National Gallery of Victoria

Shearing the Rams

Tom Roberts, 1890

Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden

Sistine Madonna

Raphael, 1512

Royal Holloway, University of London

The Babylonian Marriage Market

Q3042629, 1875

Hampton University Museum

The Banjo Lesson

Henry Ossawa Tanner, 1893

Musée d'Orsay

The Bellelli Family

Edgar Degas, 1858

National Gallery of Art, Washington

The Boating Party

Mary Cassatt, 1893

National Gallery of Art, Washington

The Dancing Couple

Jan Steen, 1663

National Gallery

The Fighting Temeraire

J. M. W. Turner, 1839

Kenwood House

The Guitar Player (Vermeer)

Johannes Vermeer, 1672

Metropolitan Museum of Art

The Kearsarge at Boulogne

Édouard Manet, 1864

M Leuven

The Martyrdom of Saint Erasmus (Bouts)

Dieric Bouts, 1458

Mauritshuis

The Oyster Eater

Jan Steen, 1658

The Cleveland Museum of Art

The Poet Lin Bu Wandering in the Moonlight

Du Jin (Chinese, 1446-c. 1519), late 1400s

Tretyakov Gallery

The Rooks Have Returned

Alexei Savrasov, 1871

Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya

The Spanish Wedding

Mariano Fortuny Marsal, 1870

Department of Paintings of the Louvre

The Turkish Bath

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, 1862

Museo del Prado, Madrid

The Victorious Hannibal Seeing Italy from the Alps for the First Time

Francisco Goya, 1770

Galleria Borghese

Venus and Cupid with a Honeycomb

Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1531

Mauritshuis

View of Delft

Johannes Vermeer, 1661

Russian Museum

Vladimir and Rogneda

Anton Losenko, 1770

Hamburger Kunsthalle

Wanderer above the Sea of Fog

Caspar David Friedrich, 1818

The Cleveland Museum of Art

White-Robed Guanyin

Jueji Yongzhong (Chinese, active around 1300); Zhongfeng Mingben (Chinese, 1263–1323), late 1200s–early 1300s